India’s land boundary of approximately 15,200 kilometers is the result of complex historical treaties and geographical features that have shaped the nation’s borders. The boundary spans across diverse landscapes, including the rugged Himalayas in the north, the vast Thar Desert in the west, and the lush Sundarbans in the east. The land border is also marked by numerous international agreements, disputes, and the presence of border security forces.
India’s total land boundary stretches approximately 15,200 kilometers (around 9,440 miles). This boundary is shared with seven countries:
- Pakistan – 3,323 km
- China – 3,488 km
- Nepal – 1,751 km
- Bangladesh – 4,096 km
- Myanmar – 1,643 km
- Bhutan – 699 km
- Afghanistan (via the Wakhan Corridor) – 106 km
In addition to the land boundary, India also has a maritime boundary with several countries, including Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Maldives. These contribute to India’s overall border security and international relations.
India’s land boundary stretches approximately 15,200 kilometers (9,445 miles), making it one of the longest land borders in the world. This extensive boundary is shared with seven neighboring countries. To the west, India shares a 3,323-kilometer border with Pakistan, while to the north, it has a 3,488-kilometer boundary with China. In the north and northeast, India is bordered by Nepal (1,751 km), Bhutan (699 km), and Myanmar (1,643 km). To the east, India shares a significant 4,096-kilometer border with Bangladesh. Additionally, India’s land boundary extends to Afghanistan through the narrow Wakhan Corridor, measuring 106 kilometers. These land borders connect India with a diverse range of neighboring countries across Asia.
Pakistan
The India-Pakistan border spans approximately 3,323 kilometers, primarily running through the Punjab and Rajasthan regions. This border plays a crucial role in both security and trade between the two nations. It is heavily fortified and strategically significant due to the historical and ongoing political disputes, particularly concerning Jammu and Kashmir.
China
The India-China border, running for 3,488 kilometers, is primarily located in the Himalayan region. It has been historically disputed, with areas like Aksai Chin being of contention. The border remains sensitive, and the Line of Actual Control (LAC) separates the two nations.
Bangladesh
The India-Bangladesh border, approximately 4,096 kilometers long, passes through the Indian states of West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, and Tripura. This boundary is significant for both trade and security, and it includes various border posts and checkpoints. The region is also known for its rich cultural exchange and historical ties between the two countries.
Nepal
The Nepal-India border spans 1,751 kilometers and holds significant cultural and historical importance, fostering strong ties between the two nations. The border is generally peaceful, but disputes have arisen over areas like Kalapani, a strategically important region located at the tri-junction of Nepal, India, and China. Despite these tensions, both countries maintain diplomatic efforts to resolve issues peacefully.
Myanmar
The India-Myanmar border stretches 1,643 kilometers and passes through the northeastern Indian states of Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh. This border is critical for both security and trade, with many ethnic groups living along it. The terrain varies from hilly regions to forests, and the border is strategically important due to the presence of insurgent groups in some areas.
Bhutan
The India-Bhutan border stretches approximately 699 kilometers, primarily running along the foothills of the Himalayas. This border is characterized by strong, peaceful relations, with significant cooperation in trade, security, and infrastructure development. India plays a key role in Bhutan’s economic development, providing trade routes and security assistance. The two countries share cultural, historical, and political ties that ensure a stable boundary.
India’s boundary is also marked by maritime borders in the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, and the Indian Ocean, including the significant maritime boundary with Sri Lanka. The Indian coastline stretches for 7,516 kilometers, and this maritime boundary defines India’s territorial waters, including exclusive economic zones (EEZ).
In summary, India’s land boundary is not only vast but also intricate, influenced by topography, diplomacy, and historical events that have shaped the current political landscape.